Sodium

Explanation

Sodium is a major positively charged element in the extracellular fluid. It plays an essential role in regulating fluid balance and homeostasis. (source)

Low

Low serum sodium levels can stem from physiological factors affecting the kidneys' ability to regulate electrolyte balance and fluid levels. Nutritionally, inadequate intake of sodium-rich foods, water overconsumption, or excessive fluid loss through sweating can also contribute to decreased serum sodium levels. (source, source, source, source)

Optimization

Incorporate salt: Consumption of salt is associated with increased serum sodium. (source) Recommendation: Incorporate salty foods or add a pinch of salt to meals.

Avoid alcohol: Alcohol intake is associated with decreased serum sodium. (source) Alcohol causes dehydration which includes a loss of water, as well as a decrease in plasma sodium. (source) Limiting the intake of alcohol aids in regulating sodium concentrations. Recommendation: Monitor alcohol intake. Try to limit consumption to one or two drinks daily, with the goal of less than three per week.

Supplement with electrolytes: Sodium intake increases serum sodium levels. (source, source) Supplementing with electrolytes containing sodium increases sodium levels in the body. Recommendation: Supplement with a variety of electrolytes with at least 500 mg of sodium.

High

High serum sodium levels can stem from physiological factors such as dehydration or kidney dysfunction, as the kidneys play a key role in regulating sodium balance in the body. From a nutritional perspective, excessive sodium intake from processed foods and salty snacks can also contribute to elevated serum sodium levels. (source, source, source)

Optimization

Limit salty foods: High sodium intake increases serum sodium levels. (source) Limiting the consumption of salty foods decreases sodium concentrations. Recommendation: Monitor and limit excess salt intake.

Prioritize proper hydration: Water intake has been shown to decrease sodium levels. (source) Water intake aids in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and it influences the metabolism of sodium in the kidneys. (source) Prioritize hydration in order to regulate sodium levels in the body. Recommendation: Drink at least 0.5 fl oz of water per pound body weight per day.

‍Avoid sodium: High sodium intake increases serum sodium levels. (source) Limiting the consumption of sodium decreases sodium levels. Recommendation: Monitor excess sodium intake and supplement concentrations.