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Very low density lipoprotein, or VLDL, cholesterol plays a key role in the development of plaque in the arteries (known as atherosclerosis) that can lead to cardiovascular disease. VLDL is also associated with insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. (source, source)
VLDL is the primary carrier of triglycerides through the bloodstream. The liver assembles VLDL particles to transport endogenously produced triglycerides to peripheral tissues for energy use or storage. When VLDL production exceeds clearance capacity, triglyceride-rich particles accumulate in circulation, infiltrate arterial walls, and initiate the atherosclerotic cascade. Elevated VLDL also suppresses HDL cholesterol, removing the protective effect of reverse cholesterol transport. (source)
Generally, low VLDL cholesterol levels are considered to be a sign of good health. Low VLDL reflects efficient hepatic triglyceride handling and minimal triglyceride delivery to arterial tissue. (source)
Low VLDL cholesterol levels usually do not require any specific treatment unless it is associated with a specific illness. There is no suggested nutritional, lifestyle, or supplement-based intervention. Maintain current patterns that are supporting this favorable reading.
High VLDL cholesterol may result from physiological factors involving the liver, as increased production may occur in response to elevated triglycerides in the blood. Dietary factors include excess consumption of refined carbohydrates, sugars, and saturated fats, which drive hepatic triglyceride synthesis and VLDL assembly. (source, source)
Potential Performance Impact:
Prioritize fatty fish: Fish oil has been shown to increase the clearance of VLDL cholesterol and reduce hepatic production. Fish oil aids in the reduction of the rate at which VLDL is produced in the liver. (source, source)
Protocol: Consume at least 2 servings of fatty fish per week. One serving examples: salmon (3 oz), herring (3 oz), bluefin tuna (3 oz), anchovies (3 oz), mackerel (3 oz).
Avoid smoking: Smokers have been shown to have higher VLDL cholesterol levels. The nicotine found in cigarettes causes an increase in the release of free fatty acids due to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The resulting surge in circulating free fatty acids to the liver increases hepatic VLDL production. (source)
Protocol: Discontinue smoking.
Supplement with omega-3 fatty acids: Fish oil has been shown to inhibit VLDL cholesterol formation. Fish oil decreases the rate at which VLDL is produced in the liver, providing concentrated EPA and DHA at doses that suppress hepatic VLDL production. (source, source)
Protocol: Consume at least 3 g of total omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) daily.
