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Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that functions as a critical cofactor in two major enzymatic pathways: the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (required for proper fatty acid and amino acid metabolism) and the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine (essential for DNA synthesis and methylation). (source) Unlike most water-soluble vitamins, B12 is stored in the liver, but depletion can still occur over months to years — especially in those with absorption issues or low dietary intake.
For performance, B12 is indispensable for red blood cell maturation and neurological integrity. (source) Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia — impairing oxygen delivery — and progressive neurological dysfunction including impaired motor coordination, proprioception, and reaction time. (source)
